Home All tools Countries, Capitals, Flags & Dates Countries, Capitals, Flags & Dates Explore capitals, flags and formation or independence milestones for 195 countries. Filter by region and export CSV.
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Country reference Explore flags, capitals and key dates in state formation or independence.
195 entries 195 of 195 countries match
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Capital / seat of government Beijing
Formation or independence milestone 1949-10-01See the historical event and chronology below The dates describe specific historical or constitutional events, not a universally agreed first founding date. See the source chronology.
Historical chronology and sources 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China)
Base reference
Andorra AD Andorra la Vella 1278 Formation / independence reference United Arab Emirates AE Abu Dhabi 1971-12-02 Formation / independence reference Afghanistan AF Kabul 1919-08-19 Formation / independence reference Antigua and Barbuda AG Saint John's 1981-11-01 Formation / independence reference Albania AL Tirana (Tirane) 1912-11-28 Formation / independence reference Armenia AM Yerevan 1991-09-21 Formation / independence reference Angola AO Luanda 1975-11-11 Formation / independence reference Argentina AR Buenos Aires 1816-07-09 Formation / independence reference Austria AT Vienna 1918-11-12 / 1945-04-27 Formation / independence reference Australia AU Canberra 1901-01-01 Formation / independence reference Azerbaijan AZ Baku (Baki, Baky) 1991-08-30 Formation / independence reference Bosnia and Herzegovina BA Sarajevo 1992-03-01 Formation / independence reference Barbados BB Bridgetown 1966-11-30 Formation / independence reference Bangladesh BD Dhaka 1971-12-16 Formation / independence reference Belgium BE Brussels 1830-10-04 Formation / independence reference Burkina Faso BF Ouagadougou 1960-08-05 Formation / independence reference Bulgaria BG Sofia 1878-03-03 Formation / independence reference Bahrain BH Manama 1971-08-15 Formation / independence reference Burundi BI Gitega (political capital), Bujumbura (commercial capital) 1962-07-01 Formation / independence reference Benin BJ Porto-Novo (constitutional capital); Cotonou (seat of government) 1960-08-01 Formation / independence reference Brunei BN Bandar Seri Begawan 1984-01-01 Formation / independence reference Bolivia BO La Paz (administrative capital); Sucre (constitutional [legislative and judicial] capital) 1825-08-06 Formation / independence reference Brazil BR Brasília 1822-09-07 Formation / independence reference Bahamas BS Nassau 1973-07-10 Formation / independence reference Bhutan BT Thimphu 1907-12-17 Formation / independence reference Botswana BW Gaborone 1966-09-30 Formation / independence reference Belarus BY Minsk 1991-08-25 Formation / independence reference Belize BZ Belmopan 1981-09-21 Formation / independence reference Canada CA Ottawa 1867-07-01 Formation / independence reference DR Congo CD Kinshasa 1960-06-30 Formation / independence reference Central African Republic CF Bangui 1960-08-13 Formation / independence reference Congo CG Brazzaville 1960-08-15 Formation / independence reference Switzerland CH Bern 1291-08-01 Formation / independence reference Ivory Coast CI Yamoussoukro (legislative capital), Abidjan (administrative and economic capital); note - the US Embassy is in Abidjan 1960-08-07 Formation / independence reference Chile CL Santiago; note - Valparaiso is the seat of the national legislature 1810-09-18 Formation / independence reference Cameroon CM Yaounde 1960-01-01 Formation / independence reference China CN Beijing 1949-10-01 Formation / independence reference Colombia CO Bogotá 1810-07-20 Formation / independence reference Costa Rica CR San José 1821-09-15 Formation / independence reference Cuba CU Havana 1902-05-20 Formation / independence reference Cape Verde CV Praia 1975-07-05 Formation / independence reference Cyprus CY Nicosia (Lefkosia/Lefkosa) 1960-08-16 Formation / independence reference Czechia CZ Prague 1993-01-01 Formation / independence reference Germany DE Berlin 1871-01-18 / 1949-05-23 / 1990-10-03 Formation / independence reference Djibouti DJ Djibouti 1977-06-27 Formation / independence reference Denmark DK Copenhagen 约 965 / 1849-06-05 Formation / independence reference Dominica DM Roseau 1978-11-03 Formation / independence reference Dominican Republic DO Santo Domingo 1844-02-27 Formation / independence reference Algeria DZ Algiers 1962-07-05 Formation / independence reference Ecuador EC Quito 1822-05-24 Formation / independence reference Estonia EE Tallinn 1918-02-24 Formation / independence reference Egypt EG Cairo; New Capital (administrative hub) 1922-02-28 Formation / independence reference Eritrea ER Asmara 1993-05-24 Formation / independence reference Spain ES Madrid 1492 Formation / independence reference Ethiopia ET Addis Ababa 无单一统一日期 / No single date Formation / independence reference Finland FI Helsinki 1917-12-06 Formation / independence reference Fiji FJ Suva (on Viti Levu) 1970-10-10 Formation / independence reference Micronesia FM Palikir 1986-11-03 Formation / independence reference France FR Paris 1792-09-22 / 1958-10-04 Formation / independence reference Gabon GA Libreville 1960-08-17 Formation / independence reference United Kingdom GB London 1707-05-01 / 1801-01-01 Formation / independence reference Grenada GD Saint George's 1974-02-07 Formation / independence reference Georgia GE Tbilisi 1991-04-09 Formation / independence reference Ghana GH Accra 1957-03-06 Formation / independence reference Gambia GM Banjul 1965-02-18 Formation / independence reference Guinea GN Conakry 1958-10-02 Formation / independence reference Equatorial Guinea GQ Ciudad de la Paz 1968-10-12 Formation / independence reference Greece GR Athens 1830-02-03 Formation / independence reference Guatemala GT Guatemala City 1821-09-15 Formation / independence reference Guinea-Bissau GW Bissau 1973-09-24 Formation / independence reference Guyana GY Georgetown 1966-05-26 Formation / independence reference Honduras HN Tegucigalpa 1821-09-15 Formation / independence reference Croatia HR Zagreb 1991-06-25 Formation / independence reference Haiti HT Port-au-Prince 1804-01-01 Formation / independence reference Hungary HU Budapest 1918-11-16 Formation / independence reference Indonesia ID Jakarta; transition to Nusantara in progress 1945-08-17 Formation / independence reference Ireland IE Dublin 1921-12-06 Formation / independence reference Israel IL Jerusalem 1948-05-14 Formation / independence reference India IN New Delhi 1947-08-15 Formation / independence reference Iraq IQ Baghdad 1932-10-03 Formation / independence reference Iran IR Tehran 1979-04-01 Formation / independence reference Iceland IS Reykjavik 1918-12-01 Formation / independence reference Italy IT Rome 1861-03-17 Formation / independence reference Jamaica JM Kingston 1962-08-06 Formation / independence reference Jordan JO Amman 1946-05-25 Formation / independence reference Japan JP Tokyo 1947-05-03 Formation / independence reference Kenya KE Nairobi 1963-12-12 Formation / independence reference Kyrgyzstan KG Bishkek 1991-08-31 Formation / independence reference Cambodia KH Phnom Penh 1953-11-09 Formation / independence reference Kiribati KI Tarawa 1979-07-12 Formation / independence reference Comoros KM Moroni 1975-07-06 Formation / independence reference Saint Kitts and Nevis KN Basseterre 1983-09-19 Formation / independence reference North Korea KP Pyongyang 1945-08-15 Formation / independence reference South Korea KR Seoul 1945-08-15 Formation / independence reference Kuwait KW Kuwait City 1961-06-19 Formation / independence reference Kazakhstan KZ Astana 1991-12-16 Formation / independence reference Laos LA Vientiane (Viangchan) 1949-07-19 Formation / independence reference Lebanon LB Beirut 1943-11-22 Formation / independence reference Saint Lucia LC Castries 1979-02-22 Formation / independence reference Liechtenstein LI Vaduz 1719-01-23 Formation / independence reference Sri Lanka LK Colombo (commercial capital); Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital) 1948-02-04 Formation / independence reference Liberia LR Monrovia 1847-07-26 Formation / independence reference Lesotho LS Maseru 1966-10-04 Formation / independence reference Lithuania LT Vilnius 1918-02-16 Formation / independence reference Luxembourg LU Luxembourg 1839 Formation / independence reference Latvia LV Riga 1918-11-18 Formation / independence reference Libya LY Tripoli (Tarabulus) 1951-12-24 Formation / independence reference Morocco MA Rabat 1956-03-02 Formation / independence reference Monaco MC Monaco 1419 Formation / independence reference Moldova MD Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian) 1991-08-27 Formation / independence reference Montenegro ME Podgorica 2006-06-03 Formation / independence reference Madagascar MG Antananarivo 1960-06-26 Formation / independence reference Marshall Islands MH Majuro 1986-10-21 Formation / independence reference North Macedonia MK Skopje 1991-09-08 Formation / independence reference Mali ML Bamako 1960-09-22 Formation / independence reference Myanmar MM Rangoon (aka Yangon, continues to be recognized as the primary Burmese capital by the US Government); Nay Pyi Taw is the administrative capital 1948-01-04 Formation / independence reference Mongolia MN Ulaanbaatar 1911-12-29 Formation / independence reference Mauritania MR Nouakchott 1960-11-28 Formation / independence reference Malta MT Valletta 1964-09-21 Formation / independence reference Mauritius MU Port Louis 1968-03-12 Formation / independence reference Maldives MV Malé 1965-07-26 Formation / independence reference Malawi MW Lilongwe 1964-07-06 Formation / independence reference Mexico MX Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico) 1810-09-16 Formation / independence reference Malaysia MY Kuala Lumpur 1957-08-31 Formation / independence reference Mozambique MZ Maputo 1975-06-25 Formation / independence reference Namibia NA Windhoek 1990-03-21 Formation / independence reference Niger NE Niamey 1960-08-03 Formation / independence reference Nigeria NG Abuja 1960-10-01 Formation / independence reference Nicaragua NI Managua 1821-09-15 Formation / independence reference Netherlands NL Amsterdam 1581-07-26 Formation / independence reference Norway NO Oslo 1905-06-07 Formation / independence reference Nepal NP Kathmandu 1768 Formation / independence reference Nauru NR no official capital; government offices in the Yaren District 1968-01-31 Formation / independence reference New Zealand NZ Wellington 1907-09-26 Formation / independence reference Oman OM Muscat 1650 Formation / independence reference Panama PA Panama City 1903-11-03 Formation / independence reference Peru PE Lima 1821-07-28 Formation / independence reference Papua New Guinea PG Port Moresby 1975-09-16 Formation / independence reference Philippines PH Manila 1946-07-04 Formation / independence reference Pakistan PK Islamabad 1947-08-14 Formation / independence reference Poland PL Warsaw 1918-11-11 Formation / independence reference Palestine PS East Jerusalem (claimed capital); Ramallah (administrative centre) 1988-11-15 Formation / independence reference Portugal PT Lisbon 1143 Formation / independence reference Palau PW Ngerulmud 1994-10-01 Formation / independence reference Paraguay PY Asunción 14-15 May 1811 Formation / independence reference Qatar QA Doha 1971-09-03 Formation / independence reference Romania RO Bucharest 1877-05-09 Formation / independence reference Serbia RS Belgrade (Beograd) 2006-06-05 Formation / independence reference Russia RU Moscow 1991-12-25 Formation / independence reference Rwanda RW Kigali 1962-07-01 Formation / independence reference Saudi Arabia SA Riyadh 1932-09-23 Formation / independence reference Solomon Islands SB Honiara 1978-07-07 Formation / independence reference Seychelles SC Victoria 1976-06-29 Formation / independence reference Sudan SD Khartoum 1956-01-01 Formation / independence reference Sweden SE Stockholm 1523-06-06 Formation / independence reference Singapore SG Singapore 1965-08-09 Formation / independence reference Slovenia SI Ljubljana 1991-06-25 Formation / independence reference Slovakia SK Bratislava 1993-01-01 Formation / independence reference Sierra Leone SL Freetown 1961-04-27 Formation / independence reference San Marino SM San Marino (city) 0301-09-03 Formation / independence reference Senegal SN Dakar 1960-04-04 Formation / independence reference Somalia SO Mogadishu 1960-07-01 Formation / independence reference Suriname SR Paramaribo 1975-11-25 Formation / independence reference South Sudan SS Juba 2011-07-09 Formation / independence reference São Tomé and Príncipe ST Sao Tome 1975-07-12 Formation / independence reference El Salvador SV San Salvador 1821-09-15 Formation / independence reference Syria SY Damascus 1946-04-17 Formation / independence reference Eswatini SZ Mbabane (administrative capital); Lobamba (royal and legislative capital) 1968-09-06 Formation / independence reference Chad TD N'Djamena 1960-08-11 Formation / independence reference Togo TG Lome 1960-04-27 Formation / independence reference Thailand TH Bangkok 1238 Formation / independence reference Tajikistan TJ Dushanbe 1991-09-09 Formation / independence reference Timor-Leste TL Dili 1975-11-28 Formation / independence reference Turkmenistan TM Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) 1991-10-27 Formation / independence reference Tunisia TN Tunis 1956-03-20 Formation / independence reference Tonga TO Nuku'alofa 1970-06-04 Formation / independence reference Türkiye TR Ankara 1923-10-29 Formation / independence reference Trinidad and Tobago TT Port of Spain 1962-08-31 Formation / independence reference Tuvalu TV Funafuti 1978-10-01 Formation / independence reference Tanzania TZ Dodoma 1964-04-26 Formation / independence reference Ukraine UA Kyiv (Kiev is the transliteration from Russian) 1991-08-24 Formation / independence reference Uganda UG Kampala 1962-10-09 Formation / independence reference United States US Washington, D.C. 1776-07-04 Formation / independence reference Uruguay UY Montevideo 1825-08-25 Formation / independence reference Uzbekistan UZ Tashkent (Toshkent) 1991-09-01 Formation / independence reference Vatican City (Holy See) VA Vatican City 1929-02-11 Formation / independence reference Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC Kingstown 1979-10-27 Formation / independence reference Venezuela VE Caracas 1811-07-05 Formation / independence reference Vietnam VN Hanoi (Ha Noi) 1945-09-02 Formation / independence reference Vanuatu VU Port-Vila (on Efate) 1980-07-30 Formation / independence reference Samoa WS Apia 1962-01-01 Formation / independence reference Yemen YE Sanaa; Aden (temporary capital) 1990-05-22 Formation / independence reference South Africa ZA Pretoria (administrative capital); Cape Town (legislative capital); Bloemfontein (judicial capital) 1910-05-31 Formation / independence reference Zambia ZM Lusaka 1964-10-24 Formation / independence reference Zimbabwe ZW Harare 1980-04-18 Formation / independence reference
Scope: 193 UN member states and the two observer states, the Holy See and Palestine. There is no universal definition of a founding date. Entries label independence, formation, unification or constitutional milestones, which are not necessarily national holidays. Countries without a single date are marked accordingly.
See entry notes for multiple capitals, administrative seats and historical changes. Search runs locally; query text is not uploaded. Base references are archival, with documented capital updates. Dataset date: 2026-09-20
mledoze/countries · Factbook archive · flag-icons (MIT) · ODbL 1.0 · Full dataset JSON
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About this tool Covers 193 UN members and two observer states. Founding dates have no universal definition; entries label independence, formation, unification or constitutional milestones and preserve source chronologies. Flag assets are hosted locally and queries stay in your browser.
How to use Search by country, capital, code or date. Filter by region and select a country for details. Review the event and sources, copy details or export CSV. Frequently asked questions Are these dates national holidays? Not necessarily. Formation, independence, unification, constitutional change and national holidays are distinct. Entries label the selected event and identify countries without one founding date.
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